Before I begin, I should thank Bill Lea and the late Dean Collins for their influences for this article. If you’ve seen Bill when he spoke to our club, you know that photographing in the rain can produce beautiful images. But most of us don’t want to get our expensive gear soaked. And if you’re an old graybeard like me, you might remember Dean as one of the most innovative and motivating photography teachers in the 80’s and 90’s. Several of Dean’s articles dealt with building photographic accessories out of common PVC plumbing pipe and parts. So when I started out to make my own umbrella mount, PVC was my first choice of materials because it’s cheap, readily available and easy to work with. My whole rig costs around $5 and took about 10 minutes to make.
Figure Glade Creek Mill in a light rain
Figure Perry’s Water Garden steady rain.
I use Induro tripods (CT 313, 213 and 113), but this design should work for any tripod with a removable center column. If your tripod has no center column or it can’t be removed, stop reading now, and go work on your own design.
My basic design starts with a 1in. diameter PVC Tee. The 1 in. fits my 213 perfectly, is loose with the 113 and didn’t fit the 313 until I used a hole saw to drill it out to 1 1/8 in. The best idea is to remove your center column and take it with you when you shop for parts. Your tripod may require a different size than I used. While it isn’t necessary, I cut mine as close as possible on each side of the Tee so it will work with a short center column. If you only use a long center column you can skip this step. If you do cut down the Tee, use a miter box to make sure that your cuts are square.
After the Tee is slid over the column, add a piece of 1in PVC pipe roughly 4 in long. This piece needs to be long enough to make sure the umbrella clears the camera body, but no longer or it creates leverage to unbalance your tripod. The other end of the 1in tube inserts into a 1 in to 1 1/2 in bushing. That is inserted into a 1 1/2 in right angle fitting, and a 4-6in (depends on the length of the umbrella handle) piece of 1 1/2in tubing is inserted into it. This is where the handle of the umbrella will be placed. All tubing cuts should also be square, so either use the miter box or a tubing cutter. I prefer not to glue any of the joints, but twist them together hand tight. This allows me to adjust the angle of the umbrella. It would look great painted black, except paint doesn’t adhere to PVC.
Figure PVC Parts list
Figure The mount attached to the tripod column
In use, the umbrella is placed in the upright piece of 1 1/2 in tubing. I prefer a large golf umbrella for maximum coverage. There are two important precautions to keep in mind with this rig. First, make sure the umbrella fits loosely into the upright. You want a strong wind gust to remove the umbrella rather than send that expensive camera and lens crashing. Second, the umbrella is in the mount only while you set up and compose. Remove and hold the umbrella when you actually shoot, so that any vibrations the wind would create on the umbrella don’t get transmitted to the camera and tripod.
Figure PVC Parts $5.00 Water Damage to studio $875.00 Keeping your camera dry PRICELESS
Several of us were recently discussing why more photographers don’t use editing programs to process their images. One reason (among many) that we came up with is that they may not how much basic edits in a program like Lightroom can improve an image, and then what is available with more advanced editing software like Photoshop. So for this article I’m going to take an image as it came from the camera and do basic and advanced edits. My goals in this edit are to adjust basic exposure and contrast, and then to remove distracting elements, improve the composition, and use final adjustments to help direct the viewer’s attention to where I want it.
I’m not going to do an in depth explanation of how to use tools such as cloning, burning, or content aware fill, but I do hope to make you aware of their power and want to learn more about them. For more in-depth reading about Lightroom and Photoshop, I would recommend a couple of my favorite authors. Martin Evening has books on both Lightroom and Photoshop. His books are very detailed and almost encylopedic in their coverage and are great to have on hand as references. Scott Kelby’s books are probably the most widely read Lightroom and Photoshop books. They are excellent for a photographer just getting started with editing and they do a great job of teaching all of the skills you’ll need on a regular basis.
Here is the image I’m starting with. Straight from the camera it’s a little flat and low contrast, there are several distracting elements, and it could be sharper. I should mention that I shoot in RAW format. If you shoot in JPEG, your camera applies some sharpening and contrast to the image, so it may look a little bit better to begin with.
The first thing I’ll do is make my basic edits in Lightroom. You can see the settings below. I’ve added contrast, adjusted the white and black points, decreased highlights so there are no burned out white areas with no detail and added clarity which brings out detail and decreased the exposure slightly. The best way to learn these settings is just to play and experiment. Adjust each slider left and right and see what it does and adjust it until it looks right to your taste. With just these very basic adjustments, the shot is already looking better.
Now to show you some of the power of editing in Photoshop, I’ll start getting rid of distracting elements. I’m trying to keep the viewer’s attention on the steam engine. The eye tends to go to the brightest part of an image, so I’ll use content aware delete and cloning to remove the bright sky in the upper left. The power lines are a distraction, especially since I’m removing the telephone pole that they lead to. The eye is also drawn to signs with writing, so the no trespassing sign on the porch has to go. I will also remove the small signs on the crossing warnings. This is a relatively colorless image, so a bright color like the pole with the yellow marking is a distraction to remove. It may or may not be necessary to remove the mailbox, but I found it distracting. The bush on the left hand side above the railroad tracks is a border merger that tends to pull the eye out of the frame. I could remove it now, but I already know that I’ll be cropping in tighter and that will remove it. Also the triangle of pavement is relatively bright. I could darken it, but I chose to replace it with grass.
To use content aware, use a selection tool like the lasso, draw around what you want to replace and then go to edit/fill/ and select content aware. It may help to go to selection/modify selection/expand and expand your selection by two to four pixels before using the fill command. Sometimes after using content aware fill you may find it didn’t work well. Choose edit/step back and either repeat the fill or redraw your selection and try again. Often it’s close but you may need to do some cloning to finish the replacement. Here it worked well, and I didn’t need to make any other changes. You can select all of the elements you want to replace and replace them all at once. I prefer to remove large objects one by one. I will select lots of smaller objects and delete them all at once if they are widely separated and not in areas with too much detail. The telephone lines were removed with the spot healing brush. Choose a brush slightly larger than the lines, make sure the content aware option is check and paint over the lines. A graphics tablet like the Wacom Intuos will make this much easier than trying to use a mouse.
Here I’ve selected the sky area and chosen fill/content aware.
Below, I’ve selected several objects, by outlining one with the lasso tool and then holding the shift key while selecting the others. You can also see I’ve gone to select/modify/expand and I’m increasing my selection by two pixels.
Here I’ve selected edit/fill/content aware.
And like magic, all of those little distracting elements are gone.
Now I want to remove that triangle of light pavement, since I feel it draws the eye. I’ve circled it with the lasso tool. I went to select/modify/expand and expanded the selection by four pixels. I find this works well when the selection in on an edge.
Here is the image after all of distracting elements have been removed with content aware delete.
Now to remove the telephone and power lines, I’ll use the spot healing brush and paint along the lines.
The lines are gone.
Here is the image with all of the distractions removed.
Now for the finishing touches. Here I’ve sharpened the image with high pass sharpening. To do this use Ctrl-J to duplicate the layer. Then go to filter/other/high pass and choose 2 pixels. That leaves an ugly gray image, but change the blend mode to softlight (or overlay for a stronger effect) and you have a sharpened layer. Use Ctrl-E to combine this layer. By the way, you may not see the effect well in this article, because by the time the image is reduced to fit and then the whole article is converted to PDF format, sharpness often suffers.
For inanimate objects I like to use NIK’s Color Efex 4 plugin, and particularly the tonal contrast preset. Here it is at the default Settings. The NIK collection is free from Google. You can download it at https://www.google.com/nikcollection/
Here is the effect after tonal contrast.
Here I’m cropping the image for better composition, removing areas that don’t contribute to the picture, and notice that that removed the bush.
Next I want to darken down some areas that are relatively bright. I’ll use the burn tool at about 25% to burn in the highlights and midtones on the areas marked below.
Tonal contrast darkened the lower part of the steam engine, so I used the dodge tool at about 30% to lighten the shadows in the areas below.
After lightening you can see more detail in the wheels and pistons.
To help pull the eye to the center of the image, I’m adding a dark vignette to the corners. I could do this in Lightroom, but since I’m in Photoshop, I’ll use filter/camera raw (or the shortcut Ctrl/shift-A). Click on effects (Fx) and select highlight priority and -12. Be careful not to overdo it and get a bullseye effect.
With all of the highlight darkening and vignetting, the whole image feels just a bit dark, so as long as I’m in camera raw I’ll increase the exposure slightly. I could also do this after I save the image back to Lightroom.
Here is our finished image.
You might want to go a step further and convert the image to black and white. Here I’ve opened NIK Silver Efex, chosen the high structure smooth preset, and no color filter. The color filters simulate the effects of having shot the image with a color filter on. Click through them and see if you like any of them. For this image I preferred none.
There are an unlimited number of ways to edit an image, and my way may not be your way; in fact it almost certainly won’t. But next time you find an image that you like, look at it critically and try to visualize how your eye moves through the image. Then ask yourself what could you change, enhance or remove to help deliver your message.
Very few images come out of the camera that couldn’t be helped by some basic adjustments. Every time I’m involved in judging a contest, the most frequent comments by the judges are lack of sharpness, lack of contrast, and poor exposure. There is not much you can do about sharpness after the fact, but there is a great deal you can do to improve contrast and exposure. As I’ll show you it’s even possible to salvage what starts out as a bad image.
I’ll be using Lightroom, because that’s what I use regularly and what I’m most familiar with. You could also use Camera Raw in Photoshop or Photoshop Bridge, Canon Digital Photo Professional, Nikon’s ViewNX 2, or even free software like GIMP.
One very important fact to know about processing in Lightroom is that it is non destructive editing. The changes you make do not directly change the image file, but go into an instruction set that tells the computer how to display the image. If you make a change you don’t like you can step back, or you can even select reset to undo all of your changes.
Here are a couple of images that don’t look good at all straight out of camera (SOOC). Even I can take less than perfect pictures, but I also know when it’s possible and how to rescue them.
This shot of the alligator is badly over exposed and flat looking. He came up and snapped so quickly that all I had time for was one quick grab shot with no time to correct exposure as I shot.
In Lightroom I switched to the develop module and began my corrections. I usually adjust the white and black points first and then follow the order of the sliders as I make my adjustments. To have Lightroom adjust them automatically, place your cursor on the word “black” hold shift and then double click. Then repeat for white. I decreased exposure to -48, just by trial and error. Remember, you won’t hurt your image my playing around with the sliders. I wanted a very dramatic image, so I took the contrast all the way up to 95. Normally 25-50 works for most images. I also completely decreased highlights, because the light inside of his mouth was so extremely overexposed. I increased clarity to 43 to improve midtone contrast and increase the appearance of sharpness, and just slightly increased vibrance. Vibrance increases the saturation of colors which have low saturation, without affecting colors that are well saturated or skin tones. I rarely increase saturation because it can quickly cause colors to block up and look posterized.
Lightroom usually adds a sharpening value of 25 by default, but here I increased it to 40. Also you can just see below that that I almost always check profile correction and remove chromatic aberration. Lightroom can usually detect the lens used and adjust for its distortion and vignetting. It doesn’t make a huge difference on this image, but it can drastically improve architectural shots or images with straight lines.
Here is the final image with only basic adjustments. I hope you’ll agree that it is much improved over the original.
Here is one more quick example. This shot of Sandhill cranes in flight was made on a very overcast day which caused it to have very low contrast. I was also shooting quickly from a moving boat and the horizon is badly tilted. Here is the SOOC image.
I like to fix the really annoying errors that distract me before I do even the basic edits. In this case it was the badly tilted horizon and cropping. I selected the crop tool and then the level tool and drew a line across the waterline to fix the tilt. Then I cropped in on the main flight of cranes and eliminated the partial birds and the foreground elements that didn’t add to the image. You don’t have to keep the original perspective or keep to the standard picture frame dimensions. Here I preferred a panoramic format.
Now that the cropping and horizon are fixed, it’s easier to see what needs to be done. I first adjusted the white and black points as described above. Then I decreased the exposure by about 1/2 stop, and made a large increase in contrast to +64. I decreased the highlights and increased shadow exposure a bit. I added some clarity for details, and added +19 of vibrance to bring out the cranes’ red heads.
I increased sharpness from Lightroom’s default 25 up to 50 and checked lens profile and chromatic aberration. Since this image was shot at a high ISO to allow a fast shutter speed, I also increased luminance noise reduction from the default of 0 up to 25.
Here is the final image with corrections.
So now you see how much an image can be improved with just basic adjustments – no Photoshop magic, no “cheating”.
Headshots for actors or models are much different from a standard portrait. Portrait lighting tends to use direction and shadow to sculpt the face, and allows the subject very little freedom to move once the lights are set. The lighting setup I’m about to describe is loosely based on the lighting setup used by Peter Hurley, one of the masters of the headshot. It is soft and flattering to the skin and allows the subject a lot of freedom to move. Once the lights and subject are in place, you don’t have spend a lot of time critically examining how the light is striking your subject, and your subject doesn’t have to be as stiff as a mannequin, so both of you are free to work on interacting and getting a good variety of expressions. The one potential disadvantage of this setup is that it is very flat, shadowless lighting. Without shadows we lose some the shape of the face and a round or heavy face will look even rounder or heavier. In a beauty or glamour headshot we would compensate by using makeup to create the contouring and dimension that flat light doesn’t provide. But actor’s headshots usually avoid heavy makeup since the intent is show how the person actually looks.
Part of the Peter Hurley look is that his headshots are shot in horizontal format, and the top of the head is cropped off. Not what we were taught in photography class, but it works.
The setup I use starts with a 24×30 inch softbox on a boom arm above and centered in front of the model. On each side of the softbox I place a 12×60 inch stripbox positioned vertically and touching the softbox on each side. Below the center softbox I have a 22 inch silver reflector disk to fill in shadows from below. I usually shoot on a white background lit by two softboxes. With the power on the background lights high I can make the background pure white. By decreasing the power of the background lights I can get varying shades of gray.
My last few articles have been all about cheap lighting, but as I normally use this setup in my studio it is not a cheap setup. That’s because I’m using four White lightning Ultra 600’s, one Alien Bee 800, and five softboxes. All of it together is probably $2500, definitely not cheap. However, you can buy fairly inexpensive softboxes and stripboxes for speedlites, and use basic speedlites like the Yongnuo 560 IV and duplicate the look for under $600. Maybe that isn’t cheap, but it sure beats $2500.
Here is a diagram of the basic setup.
Here is how the setup looks from the models perspective.
And here are the kinds of shots that result. My model and I didn’t have to worry about anything but having fun creating a range of expressions. Also, just as makeup is minimal in this type of image, so is post processing, so I did very little skin and eye retouching and only removed major blemishes.
I recently had the opportunity to photograph a ballet dancer, and decided to use the shoots to experiment with both a speedlite on location and some of the new MagMod accessories. I was also using the Yongnuo 600 RT II and YN E3-RT transmitter for the first time. The main differences from the Yongnuo 560 system that I wrote about earlier are the ability to shoot in ETTL mode, and to use high speed synch (HSS) which allows the use of shutter speeds up to the camera’s fastest shutter speed. For my two location shoots I wound not using ETTL mode, or needing HSS, so anything I describe here could have been done just as well with the cheaper YN 560 system.
The MagMod is a modular system, consisting of a MagGrip band that stretches over the speedlite. It contains two powerful magnets which will attach to corresponding magnets on all of the accessories. The MagMod accessories I used were the MagSphere and the Mag Gel. The Magsphere is a round silicone rubber diffuser, that was originally designed to use when shooting bounce flash in small to medium sized rooms. However it works well as a diffuser when aimed directly at the subject. I chose it over an umbrella because I had more control over the spread of the light beam and also because it does not have the wind resistance of an umbrella. On my first shoot this was important because I was shooting on a pier at the lake with a breeze blowing. The Mag Gel is used to hold colored gels for color temperature balancing or for dramatic color. It can be used in conjunction with the MagSphere and other modifiers. You can find out more about the MagMod system at their website: http://magnetmod.com .
Figure The MagSphere
Figure 2 The MagSphere used with a Mag Gel
On the first evening we went to Chester Frost Park in Hixson, just as the sun set. I didn’t have an assistant, so I used a light stand. I used the MagSphere and a ½ CTO gel in the Mag Gel. This gel warmed the light up to match the color of the flash to the color and mood of the sunset. When using speedlite outdoors, the power of the flash controls the aperture, while the ambient light is controlled by the shutter speed. My general setting is to choose manual mode, an aperture of f/8 or f/11 and then select a shutter speed that underexposes the ambient by 1 or 2 stops to make the colors richer and more saturated and to help separate the model who is lit by the strobe. I then adjust the power of the speedlite until the model is properly exposed. As long as the distance between the model and speedlite is constant, I don’t need to adjust the aperture or power again. As the ambient light decreases, I do need to use slower shutter speeds to maintain the balance of light. Right after sunset I was using a shutter speed of 1/200 sec and by the time it was too dim to focus I was down to 1/30 sec.
You will notice a couple of interesting effects of mixing flash and dim ambient. Even though I’m at a slow shutter speed, the speed of the flash is fast enough to stop ALMOST all movement. You will see a shadow behind the model which is caused by her movement blocking out the ambient light. There is no way she was casting a shadow on the sky miles away. But it does create an interesting effect and almost makes it appear she was in front of a painted background. Also you will notice that most of the model is sharp, but her feet still tend to blur a bit because they are moving faster than her body.
Figure Speedlite and MagSphere and 1/2 CTO
Figure 4 1/200 f/8 ISO 100
Figure 5 1/100 f/11 ISO 100
Figure 6 1/40 F/8 ISO 100
On Monday morning I had Tom Angsten join us downtown and we shot on the Walnut Street bridge and around the aquarium. Rather than having to use a lightstand and constantly adjust it Tom acted as a voice activated Lightstand (VAL). This allowed us to shoot much more efficiently, which was important in the rapidly changing light. We shot in everything from bright direct sunlight after sunrise, to open shade to shade plus heavy overcast. Usually the light was about 45 degrees camera left and 45 degrees above the model. There was one shot where the natural sunlight was nice, and I used the speedlite and MagSphere as an on camera fill, at about 1 stop less than the ambient.
Mixing flash and ambient daylight, and most importantly, getting the flash off camera opens up a huge range of possibilities. All it takes is a speedlite with adjustable power, and a transmitter to trigger it from the camera. So grab your speedlite and go outside and play.
I recently got a 19 inch Flashpoint fluorescent ringlight. I’ve been looking at getting one for a couple of years, but finally broke down and bought one when I found it on  on special at Adorama for $90 (Regularly $140). I bought the 19 inch model, but there is also a smaller (and cheaper) 13 inch model. The 19 inch allows a little more flexibility in shooting and should provide a larger catchlight in the eye. There are several brands (and prices) available, but all should work similarly. A fluorescent ringlight is suitable for tight head and shoulder portraits. It creates a distinctive circular catchlight in the eye. Some people will see the round catchlight as unnatural, but it is common in fashion photography.
One of the big advantages of a ringlight is that the light is direct and frontal and tends to minimize imperfections in the skin. A disadvantage is that it doesn’t create the shadows that define the shape of the face. Your subject may have to do more contouring than usual with makeup. Which also brings up the point that this light is most often used as a type of beauty lighting for females. It will probably not look appropriate for a male face.
This light is probably different from any light you have used before, so here are some tips.
The light is daylight balanced, but I used my Color Checker Passport to create a custom color profile for it with all of my cameras. If you don’t use custom profiles, shoot a gray card in the first shot and use it to set the white balance.
A fluorescent ringlight may seem bright, but it is relatively weak. It must be close to the model, and you will need to shoot at a high ISO and a wide aperture. With the light 24 inches from my subject I am at about 1/250 sec, f/2.8 and ISO 400. Also, you need to shoot in a dark room, as any other light sources will affect color balance and shadows. You can use an incident light meter or just use your camera’s metering. If you do this, use aperture priority, a wide aperture, and shoot a test shot. If the exposure is not right dial in some exposure compensation and retest until it looks right. Or you could use manual exposure mode.
For the most even light on the face, and the roundest catchlight, set the light at the same height as the face and square on to the subject. You will be shooting through the center of the ring.
The distance of the light to the subject will affect three things. The first is the obvious change in exposure; the closer the light, the brighter; the further away the darker. Second, and less obvious is light falloff. The closer the light is, the more rapidly exposure falls from the front to the back of the subject, so the tip of the nose might be just right while the ears are dark. Third is the size of that round catchlight in the eye. The closer the light, the larger the catchlight.
Below you can see a couple of setup shots and the lighting effect a ringlight produces.
While it may look similar, a fluorescent ringlight is quite different from a ringflash. Ringflashes are larger, heavier, more expensive , and much more powerful. Ringflashes are often used in fashion photography and you’ve seen full length or 3/4 length shots with flat light and a fine line of shadow that surrounds the subject. You could use a ringflash for a portrait, but it’s powerful output would be uncomfortable, if not painful to the model. Because of their low power, a ringlight can’t shoot a full or 3/4 length shot like a ringflash can (see below).
Let’s forget about speedlites, strobes and reflectors, and talk about some really cheap lighting – candles. With a little attention to detail, and the sensitivity of modern sensors, it is fairly easy to shoot good portraits by candle light.
By their nature, candles aren’t very bright. So to increase the light, keep these points in mind; the closer the light, the brighter, and the more candles the brighter. Remember you’re working with open flames, so watch out for burning hair, skin, clothes or any nearby flammable materials. Have the candles securely mounted so they won’t fall and ignite your model or home. Having a fire extinguisher close at hand would be a good idea.
People look best with light coming from slightly above the face. Lighting from below the face results in “monster lighting” and while it may be the natural position of a candle it’s not often flattering. I prefer to have my model hold the candelabra and move it around until I like the light on the face. And I should mention to shoot in an otherwise dark room. Even dim household lighting will completely overpower candle light.
The color temperature of candles is low on the Kelvin scale. You might try auto white balance (AWB) or I usually set tungsten balance in the camera. Regardless of your camera setting you will most likely have to adjust the color balance in post processing. You can make this much easier and more accurate by shooting a shot with the model holding a gray card at the start of your session and using that to set your white balance for all of the shots in post processing.
You will most likely need to use a very high ISO like 3200, 6400 or even higher, and be at a wide aperture to be able to hand hold. Just realize and accept that there will be some noise in your images. If you have a choice use a tripod but remember that while a tripod will hold your camera steady at slow shutter speeds, your subject may move and be blurred. Try to keep your shutter speeds above 1/30 sec or preferably 1/60.
The combination of very low light and shallow depth of field make focusing critical and difficult. Shoot a lot of images and expect some out of focus shots. Also with very shallow depth of field, both eyes may not be in focus. If this is the case, it’s important that the eye closest to the camera is in focus.
It may take some practice to get everything right, but portraits by candle light can be very romantic and moody so they are worth the effort.
For the shots below, I found a 3 candle candelabra at a thrift store for $5 and three candles for about $1 each. That’s lighting for under $10! The first picture was shot with a Canon 5D Mark III and an 85mm lens; the second shot was with a Canon 5D Mark II and an 85mm lens and the third with a Canon 5D Mark II and an 135mm lens with a star filter.
The image below was the first portrait I ever did by candle light. And it was the ultimate in cheap – the model brought the candles. The starbursts that you see with pinpoints of light usually don’t appear until the lens is stopped down to f/16 or f/22, and that is never going to work for a candle light portrait. For this shot I used a six point star filter which has lines engraved in the glass to produce the stars and the diffraction colors. It also softened the image slightly and decreased contrast. Today I would probably not shoot with the star filter, but would add them later in post production with Topaz Star Effects. This shot was done with a with a Canon 5D Mark II and an 85mm lens.
So go find some candles, candle holders and a subject and start experimenting. Your subject doesn’t even have to be a model either; I’ve seen beautiful, moody still life images illuminated only by candle light.
Here we’ll take a look at what’s known as beauty or glamour lighting. This is commonly used for fashion and beauty headshots. You’ll see this look almost every time you see a close-up image of a female actress or model on a magazine cover.
The lighting is very simple, just a light source like a beauty dish or softbox centered in front of the model and roughly 45 degrees above and a reflector or another softbox below the models face to fill in shadows. The magic of this light is that it is so shadowless that blemishes and imperfections almost disappear. The disadvantage is that we normally use highlights and shadows to show the shape and dimensions of a face, and we can use shadows to slim a round or wide face. Because there are no shadows, this light can make a face look heavier, so it works best on thin faces. Also without shadows, the structure of the cheek bones disappears and must be added back by heavier than normal makeup contouring. It is important not to raise the light so high that the eyes go dark and don’t have catch lights in them.
So here are a couple of ways to get the look inexpensively using a speedlite. In our first example I’m using a 32″ white shoot through umbrella as my light source. It is just mounted on a plain stand, and I’m shooting with my camera lens right below the edge of the umbrella. The shadows are filled from below with a 22″ silver reflector which is actually being held by the model. Not only is this cheaper than mounting the reflector on a stand, but the model can adjust the angle of the reflector while you watch for the most effect on filling shadows. Below is the lighting diagram and the resulting image. All of the images were shot with a Canon 5D Mark III and a Canon 100mm Macro lens.
The next setup is very similar, except the shoot through umbrella has been replaced by the Impact folding beauty dish (see Part 1 for a picture). Once again I’m shooting from just below the edge of the beauty dish. Here is the lighting diagram and final image.
This last shot was done with studio strobes and a specialized reflector call a Triflector that has a lower silver panel and two side silver reflectors that can each be adjusted to fill shadows from below and on each side of the face. Look closely at the catch lights in the eyes and you’ll see the reflections of the 3 panels. This reflector has to be mounted on a sturdy stand. The light was in a 22″ white metal beauty dish which had to be mounted on a heavy duty boom stand. I’ve added two additional lights in softboxes lighting the background so that it would appear lighter. Again here is the lighting diagram and result.
So once again I lit similar shots using $140 for the shoot through umbrella shot, $210 for the folding beauty dish shot or almost $2200 for the studio equipment shots but all of the results are very similar. So don’t be fooled into thinking that you have to have a lot of expensive gear to shoot a good beauty headshot. What’s important is the direction and quality of the light and the knowledge and skill of the photographer.
In part 4 of this series we’ll look at some extremely cheap lighting for portraits.
In this article I’ll show you a basic portrait lighting set using only a single flash and a reflector. I’ll also show you a similar shot using studio strobes and a reflector. Hopefully you’ll agree that the results are similar, especially when you consider the cost difference.
A very basic portrait lighting consists of a softbox (or umbrella) aimed at the subject from roughly 45 degrees from the side and 45 degrees above. The light is adjusted by watching the nose shadow and making sure the eyes are not in shadow. In the last article I mentioned that the larger the light source in relation to the size of the model, the softer the shadow transition and the less harsh the light appears. Here I used the 32″ Neewer octagonal softbox with a 560III flash inside and placed close to the model. I used a 22 silver reflector disk on the side of the model opposite the light to fill in the shadows. The softbox is somewhat in front of the model to allow light to wrap around her face and create a gradual transition from highlight to shadow. Also the light is aimed past her rather than directly at her to use the more indirect light and again create a softer effect. Here is a diagram of my lighting setup, and the resulting image is below that. Both images were shot with a Canon 5D Mark III and a Canon 100mm Macro lens.
For comparison, here is a similar shot with studio strobes. Here I’m using a White Lightning Ultra 1800, inside a 7 foot Photflex Octabox. I’m using a 5 foot Photoflex silver reflector, and I’ve added a second strobe in a 4 ft by 1 ft strip box with a directional grid to highlight her hair from about 45 degrees behind her. But the basic lighting on her face is similar. Below are the lighting setup and the resulting image.
The lesson I hope you learn from this is that it doesn’t always take the most expensive and elaborate equipment to produce a good picture. Far more important is understanding whatever lighting equipment you work with and knowing how to place it. The studio gear certainly looks impressive, has lots of conveniences, and the modeling lights really make placing the lights easier, but the studio shot used almost $1700 in equipment. All of the gear for the speedlite shot was under $130. To your camera’s sensor (or film) light is just light. The camera doesn’t know or care where the light came from. 99% of subjects will never care what kind of lighting gear you used, they only care that you make them look good. And the 1% who will care are photographers, and we all know you can’t please them.
In Part 3 of this series, we’ll look at using speedlites for beauty lighting.
If you have used or looked at buying studio strobes, you know how expensive they can be. When you start adding on accessories and light modifiers, the cost can quickly skyrocket. Also shooting on location with studio strobes can be difficult for many reasons; the lights and stands are heavy, they require electrical power which may not be available on location, or require heavy batteries and inverters. The two biggest advantages of studio strobes are lots of power and modeling lights which allow you to preview your lighting.
Speedlites and Accessories
If you want to get into lighting more cheaply or want a more portable location kit and are willing to work without modeling lights, speedlites (small flashes) may be a good, cheap alternative. With our ability to quickly review the image on a digital camera it should be possible to adjust your light placement with a couple of test shots. Exposure can be metered with a flash meter for the greatest accuracy or judged on the image with some trial and error. If the exposure on the subject is too dark, increase the power of the flash. If the flash is already at full power then open the aperture (lower f-stop number). If the subject is too bright decrease power or close down the aperture.
Now here is where we begin to really get cheap. The top of the line speedlites from the major brands can easily cost $600 each. They feature TTL (Through the Lens) flash metering which can be wonderful when it works, but it can also be difficult to understand and hard to troubleshoot when using multiple lights off camera. I put together a kit using Yongnuo 560III (the current model is the 560IV) speedlites. Each flash is about $65 and the controller that makes this such a useful system is only about $40. While my system uses the Yongnuo flashes, there are several other inexpensive brands if you search the camera stores or even Amazon.
Why so cheap you ask? First there is no TTL. To change the exposure output you must manually increase or decrease the power of the flash and you can do that on the flash or from the controller which mounts on the camera. The build quality may not be as good as the major brands, but at 10% of the cost of the name brand, replacing an occasional flash won’t break the bank. Also dropping or having the wind blow a flash over and breaking it won’t ruin your day. And at this price you can afford to buy several for multi-light setups and backups.
The 560TX controller attaches to the camera hot shoe. It sends out a radio signal that fires the flash, and can also remotely increase or decrease the power of each flash and zoom the head in or out. In use, all of your flashes should be set to the same channel so the controller fires them all at once. Each flash is assigned a group (a,b,c,d,e or f) and you can have several flashes share a group if you want the settings for all flashes in that group to be the same. Changes in flash power or zoom are made individually by group. Using the controller is very useful when the flash is hard to reach or contained in a soft box. I have found that there is a slight time delay with the wireless controller, so you may have to use a slightly lower maximum shutter speed. For example my Canon camera lists a synch speed of 1/250 sec, but with the controller I have to set 1/160 or slower.
Each flash uses 4 AA batteries. You can (and should) buy an external battery pack that holds an additional 8 AA’s. These increase the number of shots you can take and also decrease the recycle time. Be careful because shooting a lot of full power flashes in succession with short recycle times may cause the flash to overheat. If you’re lucky a safety feature will cause the flash to shut down until the electronics cool down. If you aren’t so lucky the flash may be permanently destroyed. Using disposable batteries gets expensive fast. Buy Eneloop rechargeable batteries and get a high quality charger like the Powerex which can charge 8 batteries at a time. The Eneloops can maintain a charge for months, unlike most rechargeables that drain down rapidly even without being used.
To use your speedlites off camera you will need a light stand for each flash. Because speedlites are so light weight you don’t need the heavy and expensive stands required for studio strobes. A 7ft stand is tall enough for most uses. I was able to but 4 7ft. stands on Craigslist for $8/ea. Even new they should be under $30. You will also need an umbrella mount for each stand. These are $10-20. Even if you don’t plan to use an umbrella this is what will allow you to tilt your flash up or down and provides the means of attaching the flash to the stand.
Light Modifiers
Modifiers are used to alter the quality and spread of light. The larger the light source is in relation to the subject the softer the light quality will be. Smaller light sources are harder and may cast shadows that are unpleasantly harsh for portraits, but may add drama and mood for other uses. A flash with no modifier is a small and harsh source.
ExpoImaging makes the Rogue Flashbenders and grids. The flashbender acts as a larger reflector to soften the light. They also have accessories to convert this into a small softbox. Grids are used to minimize the spread of light and are used for adding accents lights with a lot of control.
Umbrellas are just modifications of the basic rain umbrella. They come in varying sizes, and materials. There are white or silver reflective where the flash is aimed into the umbrella and bounces out toward the subject. With white shoot through umbrellas, the closed side of the umbrella faces the subject and the light is fired through the umbrella. The major advantages of umbrellas are low cost ($10-50), light weight, and compact storage and transport. The two major disadvantages are difficulty controlling the spread of light and they become wind sails with even the lightest breeze. Either use sandbags to weight your light stands outdoors, or better yet have an assistant constantly holding the stand.
Soft boxes do just what they say and enclose the flash in a an enclosed box. They can be square, rectangular, or octagonal. Softboxes for speedlites can be made light, compact and relatively cheap. The Impact Quickbox is a folding soft box that folds down flat and is popped out to form a 24″ square softbox with a mount that holds a flash and attaches to the stand. It is normally $135 but you can find it on sale sometime for as low as $85. I found a 32″ Octagonal softbox by Neewer on sale at Amazon for only $35. The construction is light weight, but should be very usable if taken care of. It folds down and stores like an umbrella. Like umbrellas, softboxes offer a lot of surface area that is easily blown by even minor breezes.
Beauty dishes offer a light quality with more control than an umbrella, and a slightly crisper look than a softbox. The light comes in from the back of the dish, strikes a reflector that blocks light from striking the subject directly and spreads it across the whole face of the dish and on to the subject. For several years they have been all the rage for beauty headshots and even full length fashion photography. Impact makes a folding beauty dish that is fairly light and compact for around $80. I found a metal beauty dish with adaptor and mount for a speedlight on sale for $50, but it is normally closer to $100. Metal beauty dishes are large, heavy and easily dented. Both folding and metal beauty dishes catch the wind, but are a little more aerodynamic than umbrellas and softboxes.
The shot below was taken with a single flash with no modifier placed about 6 feet from the model. Normally I would use a modifier to soften the light when photographing a female subject, but in this case there were several reasons that I didn’t. She was young, with great skin and professionally applied makeup, so there were no imperfections to exaggerate with harsh light. She was in the shadow of some large rocks, and I wanted the light to look more like the low sun lighting the background. Also I needed all the power I could get out of the strobe, and most modifiers cause at least a one stop loss of light. And perhaps most importantly my flash was on a stand at full extension, balanced precariously on a large rock. I didn’t want a breeze to blow my flash crashing to the rocks below and a modifier would have made the wind more likely to do just that.
The shot below was taken in the shade of an old gas station. The light was soft, but flat and nondirectional. I added a flash with the Rogue Flashbender to light the model, add some directional light and keep her eyes from disappearing into shadow. The Flashbender helped soften the light and prevent harsh and unflattering shadows.
In part 2 we’ll look at a basic portrait setup using just one speedlite, and compare it to studio strobes.
